PERCEIVED STRESS AND DYSFUNCTIONAL BREATHING PATTERN IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CORRELATIONAL STUDY

Authors

  • Ashna Waseem Patel Assistant Professor, Department of Allied and Healthcare, S-VYASA Deemed to be University, Bangalore.
  • Pragati Konwar MPT Student, Padmashree Institute of Physiotherapy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.
  • Dr. Pravin Aaron Professor, Padmashree Institute of Physiotherapy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53555/nx30dw84

Keywords:

Perceived stress, Dysfunctional breathing, Young adults, PSS-10, MARM

Abstract

Background: Psychological stress is highly prevalent among young adults and may influence physiological processes including breathing mechanics. Dysfunctional breathing refers to inefficient breathing patterns occurring without structural respiratory pathology. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between perceived stress and dysfunctional breathing patterns in young adults. Methods: A correlational study was conducted on 220 young adults using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM). Results: No statistically significant correlation was observed between perceived stress and rib cage motion. Conclusion: Perceived stress did not significantly affect breathing mechanics in healthy young adults.

References

1.Selye H. The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956.

2.Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984.

3.Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature reviews endocrinology. 2009 Jul;5(7):374-81.

4.Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior. 1983 Dec 1:385-96.

5.McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England journal of medicine. 1998 Jan 15;338(3):171-9.

6.Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD. Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.. 2005 Apr 27;1(1):607-28.

7.Thayer JF, Sternberg E. Beyond heart rate variability: vagal regulation of allostatic systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006 Nov;1088(1):361-72.

8.Chida Y, Steptoe A. Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological psychology. 2009 Mar 1;80(3):265-78.

9.Masaoka Y, Homma I. The effect of anticipatory anxiety on breathing and metabolism in humans. Respiration physiology. 2001 Nov 1;128(2):171-7.

10.Boiten FA. The effects of emotional behaviour on components of the respiratory cycle. Biological psychology. 1998 Sep 1;49(1-2):29-51.

11.Homma I, Masaoka Y. Breathing rhythms and emotions. Experimental physiology. 2008 Sep 1;93(9):1011-21.

12.Courtney R. The functions of breathing and its dysfunctions and their relationship to breathing therapy. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2009 Sep 1;12(3):78-85.

13.Barker N, Everard ML. Getting to grips with ‘dysfunctional breathing’. Paediatric respiratory reviews. 2015 Jan 1;16(1):53-61.

14.Vidotto LS, Carvalho CR, Harvey A, Jones M. Dysfunctional breathing: what do we know?. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 2019;45(01):e20170347.

15. CliftonSmith T, Rowley J. Breathing pattern disorders and physiotherapy: inspiration for our profession. Physical therapy reviews. 2011 Feb 1;16(1):75-86.

16.Thomas M, McKinley RK, Freeman E, Foy C, Prodger P, Price D. Breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2003 Feb 1;58(2):110-5.

17.Courtney R, Greenwood KM, Cohen M. Relationships between measures of dysfunctional breathing in a population with concerns about their breathing. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2011 Jan 1;15(1):24-34.

18.Lee EH. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian nursing research. 2012 Dec 1;6(4):121-7.

19.Courtney R, Van Dixhoorn J, Cohen M. Evaluation of breathing pattern: comparison of a Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM) and respiratory induction plethysmography. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2008 Jun;33(2):91-100.

20.Yoosefinejad AK, Yousefiyan R, Nazari R, Rezaei I. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of manual assessment of respiratory motion in patients with unilateral cervical radiculopathy: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2024 Mar 1;51:100708.

21.ALISON JA, HOLLAND AE, JONES AH. RESPIRATORY DISEASES. Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Adults and Paediatrics: formerly Physiotherapy for Respiratory and Cardiac Problems. 2016 Jun 7:163.

22.Bovier PA, Chamot E, Perneger TV. Perceived stress, internal resources, and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults. Quality of life research. 2004 Feb;13(1):161-70.

23.LoMauro A, Aliverti A. Sex differences in respiratory function. Breathe. 2018 May 31;14(2):131-40.

24.Anderson DE, Chesney MA. Gender-specific association of perceived stress and inhibited breathing pattern. In-Special Issue on Women's Health 2002 Sep 1 (pp. 216-227). Psychology Press.

25.Molgat-Seon Y, Peters CM, Sheel AW. Sex-differences in the human respiratory system and their impact on resting pulmonary function and the integrative response to exercise. Current Opinion in Physiology. 2018 Dec 1;6:21-7.

26.Birditt KS, Turkelson A, Fingerman KL, Polenick CA, Oya A. Age differences in stress, life changes, and social ties during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for psychological well-being. The Gerontologist. 2021 Mar 1;61(2):205-16.

27.Parsons N, Nagakumar P, Tomlinson J, Frost S, Davies B, Rao S. Outcomes of physiotherapy management in children and young people (CYP) with breathing pattern disorders (BPD). European Respiratory Journal. 2021.

28.Grillo L, Russell AM, Shannon H, Lewis A. Physiotherapy assessment of breathing pattern disorder: a qualitative evaluation. BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 2023 Jan 1;10(1):e001395.

29.Courtney R, Van Dixhoorn J, Greenwood KM, Anthonissen EL. Medically unexplained dyspnea: partly moderated by dysfunctional (thoracic dominant) breathing pattern. Journal of Asthma. 2011 Apr 1;48(3):259-65.

30.Strohl KP, Thomas AJ. Breathlessness, anxiety, and respiratory physiology. Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine. 1998 Nov 1;60(6):680-1.

31.Gevirtz RN, Lehrer PM, Schwartz MS. Cardiorespiratory biofeedback. Biofeedback: A practitioner’s guide. 2016 Feb 10:196-213.

Downloads

Published

2026-02-27