International Journal of Medical and Health Science
EPH - International Journal of Medical and Health Science (ISSN: 2456 - 6063) publishes a wide range of high quality research articles in the field (but not limited to) given below: Psychiatric and mental health nursing, Learning disability nursing, Pediatric nursing, Geriatric nursing, Nursing of people in acute care and long term care institutional settings, Home health nursing, Community and Home care, Critical and emergency care etc. Current Impact Factor: 2.475
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HEALING THROUGH VENOM: A MULTISYSTEM APPROACH TO THE THERAPEUTIC TRANSFORMATION OF SNAKE TOXINS
Snake venom is a complex secretion composed of proteins, enzymes, and peptides exhibiting neurotoxic, hemotoxic, and cytotoxic effects. It plays a crucial role in prey immobilization and defense but can cause severe systemic effects in humans, including paralysis, coagulopathies, and tissue necrosis. The mainstay of conventional management is prompt administration of antivenom along with supportive therapy to prevent fatal outcomes. Traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, have long utilized herbal, mineral, and animal-derived formulations to neutralize or counteract the effects of snake venom. These systems emphasize detoxification, tissue regeneration, and restoration of balance within the body. In homeopathy, snake venoms are transformed into curative agents through potentization, which removes toxicity while retaining therapeutic energy. Remedies like Lachesis mutus, Crotalus horridus, Naja tripudians, Elaps corallinus, and Bothrops lanceolatus are employed in conditions resembling venom effects—such as hemorrhagic states, circulatory disorders, and neurological affections—following the principle of “Similia similibus curentur” (like cures like). Thus, across diverse systems of medicine, the study and therapeutic application of snake venom reflect the transformation of a deadly toxin into a source of healing, integrating ancient wisdom with modern understanding of pharmacological and dynamic principles.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Medical and Health Science
A STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND MAINTENANCE OF HYPERTENSION ON CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS UNDERGOING MAINATENANCE HEMODIALYSIS
Background: hypertension is a majority comorbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), ye it is prevalence, control rates, and optimal management strategies in clinical practices remain inadequately characterized Objectives: the study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension, evaluated blood pressure control rates , identify associated factors, and assess the effectiveness of management strategies in CKD patients receiving MHD Methods: In this observational study, 50 CKD patients undergoing MHD were evaluated. Data on demographic characteristics, blood pressure measurements, antihypertensives medications, dietary adherence, and complications were collected through medical record review. Hypertension control was defined as <140/90 mmHg according to JNC 7 guidelines. Results: the prevalence of hypertension was 94% (47/50) with only 25% (12/47) achieving blood pressure control. A significant association was found between uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes mellitus (p=0.03), with 87.2% of patients requiring antihypertensives medications, notably patients adhering to strict sodium restrictions (<2g/day) demonstrated significantly higher control rates (63.2%) compared to non-adherent patients (0%). Conclusion: hypertension is highly prevalent but poorly controlled in CKD patients on MHD. These overall findings emphasize the need for a paradigm shift toward non-pharmacological interventions as foundational therapy to improve hypertension control and reduce complications in this high-risk population
FROM BLOODWORK TO BRAIN IMAGING: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEW OF DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES IN NEONATAL SURGERY
Purpose: Neonatal surgery requires precise diagnostic pathways to ensure optimal outcomes in this highly vulnerable population. This review synthesizes current evidence across three major diagnostic pillars: laboratory investigations, radiological imaging, and ophthalmic or visual assessments. By exploring the evolving role of biochemical markers, neuroimaging, and ocular evaluations, we highlight how an integrated diagnostic model improves perioperative decision making, early detection of complications, and long term monitoring in neonatal surgical care. The review also examines recent technological advancements including point of care testing, low-dose imaging, and AI supported interpretation tools, which promise to enhance diagnostic precision while minimizing risks.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DEEP‑MOISTURIZING HERBAL SHAMPOO FOR DRY AND FRIZZY HAIR USING OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS) MUCILAGE: A NATURAL ALTERNATIVE TO SYNTHETIC SHAMPOOS
This research paper develops and evaluates a herbal, deep‑moisturizing shampoo tailored for dry and frizzy hair, using okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) mucilage as the primary green conditioning agent. Okra mucilage was extracted aqueously and combined with traditional Ayurvedic surfactants and conditioners like soap nut (reetha), shikakai, amla, aloe vera, and, in one formula, the mild nonionic surfactant decyl glucoside. The formulations were tested via standard shampoo quality tests (pH, total residue , viscosity, surface tension reduction, foam stability, cleansing, wetting time) and a user perception survey. The okra‑based shampoos showed effective cleansing, stable foam, desirable viscosity, and desirable surface‑tension reduction. Users claimed high to moderate improvements in softness, manageability, and frizz reduction. The data support okra mucilage as a promising, sustainable alternative to synthetic conditioning systems for textured, dry, and frizzy hair, with further work recommended on preservation, stability, and instrumental performance standardization.
UTILISATION OF INNOVATION AND HEALTH EDUCATORS JOB PERFORMANCE IN FEDERAL AND STATE OWNED COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN DELTA STATE.
This study was undertaken to investigateutilisation of innovation and health educators’ job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state. The study used descriptive survey design. The population of the study was 77 health educators in the four Federal and State Colleges of Education in Delta State. The 77 health educators were used in the study due to theirlimited number. The instrument utilised in the investigation was titled “Utilisation of Innovation and Health Educators Job Performance Questionnaire” (UIHEJPQ)”. The dependability of the instrument was established with the Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficient Coefficient (r). Items on the instrument were assessed with the four points scoring scale of Strongly Agree (4 points), Agree (3 points), Disagree (2 points) and Strongly Disagree (1 point). From the 77 copies of the instruments administered, 71 copies were retrieved. Male health educators were 55 and female health educators were 16. 47 experienced health educators were used while 14 inexperienced health educators were as well utilised in the inquiry. Mean rating and standard deviation wereutilised to answer the5 research questions. z test was employed to test the two null hypotheses created to guide the investigation at 0.05 levels of significance. Findings showed that the forms of teaching approaches in health education that requires innovations, the forms of innovation needed by health educators ,the factors responsible for utilisation of innovation among health educators, the consequences of non utilisation of innovation among health educators in their job performance, the strategies that can be employed to encourage the utilisation of innovation among health educators in their job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state were high as the ratings were high. That there was no significant difference between male and female health educators in their utilisation of innovation in their job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state. There was no significant no significant difference between experienced and inexperienced health educators in theirutilisation of innovation in their job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state. It was concluded in the study the forms of teaching approaches in health education that requires innovations ,the forms of innovation needed by health educators in their job performance, the factors responsible for utilisation of innovation among health educators in their job performance ,the consequences of non utilisation of innovation have among health educators in their job performance , the strategies can be employed to encourage the utilisation of innovation among health educators in their job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state were high. Male and female health educators do not differ significantly in their utilisation of innovation in their job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state. Experienced and inexperienced health educators do not differ significantly in their utilisation of innovation in their job performance in federal and state owned colleges of education in Delta state. It was as well recommended among others that Delta state government should provide the required resources in the teaching of health education in the colleges of education to rebuild a free, all-inclusive and quality education scheme as education is internationally considered as a tool per excellence for social and monetary reform.
Federal and State Owned Colleges of Education
CLINICAL APPROACHES TO ENDODONTIC THERAPY IN PRIMARY TEETH LACKING PERMANENT SUCCESSORS: A CASE SERIES ANALYSIS
A common dental anomaly, hypodontia, refers to the congenital absence of one or more primary or permanent teeth, excluding the third molars. It is the most prevalent dental abnormality and it is estimated that 2-10 percent of the global population has it. Hypodontia in other instances can be linked with other general disorders or genetic syndromes e.g. ectodermal dysplasia.1 Two treatment options are available: either extract the primary molar to create space for the first permanent teeth to erupt and close the gap or retain the primary second molar until growth is complete.2,3 Endodontic treatment is generally showed when pulp is compromised, with the goal of preserving the tooth to maintain function and space for the eruption of permanent successors. But where there are no permanent successors to primary teeth, the decision to perform endodontic treatment is more complicated. Such cases are frequently seen in patients having congenital defects, developmental disorders or early deficiency of permanent teeth.4 During a standard pulpectomy of a deciduous tooth with pulp involvement, and no permanent replacement, one would fill the root canals with gutta-percha and then rebuild the crown. Nevertheless, there are difficulties because of the limitations of creating the curved and delicate roots of primary molars to accept the master apical file. This renders it awkward to get good obturation.5,6 The purpose of the case series is to explore clinical strategies in endodontic treatment in primary teeth that do not have permanent successors with a special focus on the issues of treatment planning, treatment protocols, and long-term prognosis. The goal of the article is to contribute to the currently existing body of knowledge on the management of primary teeth with no permanent successor by conducting a thorough case analysis of a number of cases and emphasizing the role of the patient-specific treatment plan and follow-up.
WHAT IS FATE OF HEMOGLOBIN SUBFRACTIONS IN PATIENTS OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA? HEMOGLOBIN ANALYSIS, HBA1C AND JUDGING CONTROL OF DIABETES
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) testing has been widely used by clinicians to analyse the glycaemic control. Its accurate interpretation is highly important as treatment initiation and titration is dependent on its value as it corresponds to an average estimated blood glucose level calculated from its percentage. Variations in red blood cells (RBC) life span can alter the HbA1c values. Conditions such as anaemia and haemoglobinopathies can increase the turnover of erythrocytes, lowering the measured HbA1c values. On the other hand, conditions that decrease the RBC turn over, lead to higher values of HbA1c. Thus, the method for screening and evaluating glycaemic control in subgroups of population with haemoglobinopathies needs refinement. This study aims at emphasizing the interference of common haemoglobin variants and anaemia with HBA1c levels and further diabetes monitoring. ABBREVIATIONS DEFINITION RBC Red Blood Cell HBA1C Glycated Hemoglobin HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography SCD Sickle Cell Disease SCT Sickle Cell Trait IDA Iron Deficiency Anemia
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY OF CYPRINUS CARPIO IN POLLUTED AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
The purpose of the study was to check the reproductive toxicity of sub-lethal contact to Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH) in Cyprinus carpio. A concentration of 0.2 µg/L of LCH was bare to healthy specimens for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. The gonadosomatic Index (GSI), histopathology of the gonadal tissues, and serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones (testosterone, 17 β-estradiol, and 11-ketotestosterone were studied. The results showed a progressive decline in GSI in male as well as female fish under all bare conditions. Results of the histopathological analysis revealed severe structural damage in the testes with atrophy of the germinal epithelium, reduced lobular diameter, decreased spermatozoa, as well as in the ovarian tissues with cytoplasmic clumping, deformity of the follicles, and increased atretic oocytes. Structural impairments correlated with significant reductions in testosterone, 17β-estradiol, and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in hormonal assays. The results show that sub-lethal, short-term exposure to LCH can severely disrupt reproductive physiology and endocrine functioning in Cyprinus carpio. The study demonstrates that synthetic pyrethroid contamination is a direct cause of reproductive decline in freshwater fish and that gonadal and hormonal parameters are sensitive early biomarkers of aquatic pollution. Therefore, this result highlights the fact that strict environmental regulations, together with long-term ecological monitoring, are required to lower pesticide-induced reproductive risk in aquatic ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Medical and Health Science
CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE TREATMENT OF FOOT FRACTURE BY USING MINI RAIL EXTERNAL FIXATOR
Background: Foot fractures, particularly those involving the metatarsals and phalanges, are prevalent injuries that can significantly impact a patient's mobility and quality of life. The Mini Rail System (Auxein Medical) has emerged as a promising tool in the management of these fractures, offering advantages in terms of stability, minimal invasiveness, and the ability to preserve joint motion. This article reviews the clinical outcomes associated with the use of the MiniRail system in treating foot fractures, focusing on its efficacy, complications, and functional outcomes. Method: We conducted an observational study involving 46 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a study duration of six months. The participants were aged between 20 and 60 years. For the treatment, we used mini external fixators with minirail lengthener T-clamps, threaded wires, clamp cover with screw. Patients were monitored throughout the study period, with periodic follow-up visits and necessary radiographs to assess fracture union. Results: Of the 46 patients, the majority were aged between 20 and 40 years, with a higher proportion of males. Open fractures were more common than closed fractures. The functional outcomes, as assessed by the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, were predominantly excellent, good and average. Radiological union was achieved in most cases, with 2.17% of patients experiencing delayed union. Conclusion: Surgical approach reduces the risk of complications, while an intensive rehabilitation program optimizes the final result. Overall, the minirail external fixator is an effective treatment for fracture management, offering the best functional outcomes.
EVALUATING PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY IN CYPRINUS CARPIO: CYHALOTHRIN AS A CASE STUDY
The widespread agricultural application of synthetic pyrethroids has created environmental issues because they harm aquatic organisms that are not the target of treatment. This research examines the sublethal toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH) on Cyprinus carpio's physiological, biochemical, and reproductive functions by subjecting the fish to controlled LCH exposure for 20 days. The 96-hour LC₅₀ value for LCH was established at 1.6 µg/L, while sublethal doses of LCH caused fish to become progressively hyperactive and produce mucus, and become lethargic. The biochemical analysis revealed protein content reductions of all variants, including structural and soluble proteins, while showing study concentrations enhanced protease activity with rising free amino acid levels, which indicated proteolysis along with metabolic disorder. Oxidative stress developed due to the significant reduction of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GST) and accompanying MDA level increase. ATPase activity declined along with tissue ion concentrations because osmoregulatory paths and energy-dependent transport pathways lost their functionality. The fish showed reproductive problems through decreased gonado-somatic index and hormonal levels (testosterone, estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone) and gonad tissue degeneration. The blood tests showed reduced RBC numbers and decreased hemoglobin and PCV levels, and increased WBC counts, which indicated both anemic and immunological reactions. The research shows that C. carpio suffers multi-organ dysfunction when exposed to any amount of LCH below lethal levels, which creates significant ecological threats. According to this research, scientists need to tighten regulations regarding pesticide application while emphasizing how C. carpio functions as an excellent indicator for freshwater toxicology investigations.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Medical and Health Science
EFFICACY OF AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT IN POST-SURGICAL CARE OF BREAST ABSCESS: A CLINICAL STUDY
The medical condition of breast abscess presents a major health problem for women across the globe because it negatively impacts their physical health and life quality. The conventional treatment of incarcerated inguinal hernia mainly depends on the surgical drainage and antibiotics that have been proved to be effective in controlling the acute infection but tend to develop complications such as delayed wound healing, recurrence, and psychological distress. The healthcare community shows increasing interest in Ayurveda as an integrative approach for holistic and adjunctive care because of existing healthcare challenges. In Ayurveda breast abscess is known as Stana Vidradhi and its treatment consists of diseased breast purification, wound healing and normalization of damaged tissue with herbal medicines, topical therapies and individualized regimen of various modalities of ayurvedic treatment. The available clinical evidence of Ayurvedic interventions for post-surgical breast abscess care is critically reviewed and promising outcomes include accelerated wound healing, reduced recurrence, increased patient satisfaction, and a reduction of post-surgery morbidity. Observational studies and case reports demonstrate that Ayurvedic treatments show promise for helping patients recover from breast abscesses during both short-term care and extended healing periods. However, these findings are encouraging, although there are still limitations in the form of the absence of large-scale consortia of large randomised trials, variability of treatment protocols and insufficient data on long term outcome. The piece emphasizes the demand for meticulous research, standardized methodologies, and collaborative framework to set a place for Ayurveda in the modern care. A healthcare approach combining patient-centered principles with conventional and Ayurvedic practices will create the best outcomes for breast abscess patients by managing their physical symptoms and their quality of life and psychosocial needs.
NAVIGATING GESTATIONAL DIABETES: A PATH TO A HEALTHY PREGNANCY WITH HOMOEOPATHY
Gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM], which is defined as a state of hyperglycemia during pregnancy. It is currently the most common medical complication in pregnancy. It effects approximately 15% of pregnancies worldwide, which are approximately 18 million births annually.1 In India, individual data analysed by the National Family Health Survey [NFHS] in 2015-2016 and 2019-2021 covering a total of approximately 6 lakhs and 7 lakhs women, respectively. Among them, 32,072 women in 2015-2016 and 28,187 in 2019-2021 were pregnant, of whom 180 women in 2019-2021 had diabetes during their gestational periods, allowing the percentage prevalence calculation of GDM.2
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON EPILEPSY AND ITS DIAGNOSIS/ TREATMENT USING EEG SIGNALS
Epilepsy is a chronic functional disorder of the brain resulting in recurrent seizures due to hyper-synchronous neuronal activity. About 30% of those who suffer from epilepsy develop an incurable form of the disease that does not respond to medications, also known as drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), which necessitates a careful evaluation of the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The foundation of epilepsy treatment remains electroencephalography (EEG), which continues to provide the best information regarding seizure localization, classification, and treatment follow-up. This review presents a comprehensive study of epilepsy, covering the historical development, epidemiology, and diverse etiology of epilepsy, with an in-depth study of EEG entailing the major contribution to the developments. The EEG techniques applied in this study embrace classical approaches as well as modern techniques, such as time-frequency techniques and machine learning (ML)- based automated seizure detection and deep learning (DL) based signal processing. Emphasis is made on the challenges common in elderly and pediatric age groups, together with specific EEG characteristics and timely treatment interventions. There is a detailed critical analysis of cutting-edge developments, including wearable EEG units, closed-loop neuromodulation systems, and AI-based individualized interventions.
Role of immunohistochemistry in differentiating primary hepatocellular carcinoma using manual tissue microarray technique and its advantage
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of liver cancer worldwide, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in distinguishing it from metastatic liver tumors. This study evaluates the role of tissue microarray (TMA) technology and immunohistochemical markers, specifically Hep Par-1 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), in the differentiation and characterization of HCC.Thirty cases of HCC were analyzed, including 11 well-differentiated, 3 moderately differentiated, and 16 poorly differentiated tumors. TMA construction was performed, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to assess Hep Par-1 and AFP expression. Hep Par-1 demonstrated granular cytoplasmic positivity, with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100%. Reactivity decreased with poorer differentiation, as all six negative cases were poorly differentiated. AFP positivity was observed in 45% of cases, with no significant correlation to differentiation level.Age distribution revealed a peak incidence between 31 and 70 years, with a male predominance (60%). Comparative analyses with previous studies confirmed consistent epidemiological trends and highlighted the diagnostic challenges in poorly differentiated HCC.The findings reaffirm Hep Par-1 as a reliable marker for HCC diagnosis, particularly in well-differentiated cases. AFP was less reliable due to variability in expression. The use of TMAs enhanced efficiency and reduced costs, supporting their utility in histopathological research. These results underscore the importance of combining morphological, immunohistochemical, and clinical data for accurate HCC diagnosis and management.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF Catharanthus roseus LEAVES IN SWISS ALBINO MICE
The effect of the Alcoholic extract of the leaves of Catharanthus roseus was investigated. A dose of 10 mg alcoholic extract was dissolved in 50% alcohol and administered to Swiss albino female mice from day 7 to 9 post-coitum. The 10 mg alcoholic dose proved to be 100% effective in causing pregnancy interruption. The alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase enzyme activity of the uterus of the mice significantly decreases after treatment with the alcoholic extract of the leaves of Catharanthus roseus.
Copyright (c) 2015 International Journal of Medical and Health Science
APIGENIN AND BOSWELLIC ACID BILAYER TABLETS: FORMULATION AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION
This study focuses on developing and evaluating a bilayer tablet designed to treat asthma and arthritis by combining Apigenin and Boswellic acid. Apigenin delivers immediate bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, addressing asthma symptoms, while Boswellic acid provides prolonged anti-inflammatory benefits for arthritis. Pre-formulation studies evaluated the solubility and compatibility of the active ingredients with excipients, with FT-IR analysis confirming no adverse interactions. The immediate-release (IR) layer of Apigenin was formulated using super disintegrants such as Crospovidone and Sodium starch glycolate, achieving rapid disintegration in 28.56 seconds and 99.37% release within 45 minutes. The sustained-release (SR) layer of Boswellic acid incorporated HPMC K100 and HPMC E15, ensuring a controlled release of 98.72% over 9 hours. Drug release studies revealed diffusion-based kinetics for Apigenin (Higuchi model) and consistent release for Boswellic acid (zero-order kinetics). The optimized bilayer tablet demonstrated excellent physical properties, including a hardness of 6.3 Kg/cm², friability of 0.6%, and a drug content of 98.1%. Stability tests over three months indicated no significant changes in performance, confirming the tablet’s potential as an effective dual-action therapy for asthma and arthritis.
SLEEPLESS EMPLOYEES: THE SLEEP CRISIS AMONG INDIAN CORPORATE PROFESSIONALS AND ITS COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES
Sleep is a vital biological function essential for optimal cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and overall well-being. However, in the fast-paced environment of the Indian corporate sector, sleep health is increasingly compromised due to extended work hours, high stress, and prolonged screen exposure. This study investigates the prevalence of sleep deprivation among Indian corporate employees and examines its impact on cognitive functioning. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a stratified random sample of 1000 corporate professionals across major sectors including IT, finance, marketing, and human resources. Data was collected using standardized tools—namely the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, and a brief cognitive assessment scale to evaluate attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities. Additional demographic and work-related data were also collected. The findings revealed a high prevalence of poor sleep quality, with over 60% of participants reporting sleep durations below the recommended threshold and frequent sleep disturbances. Statistical analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between sleep quality and cognitive performance. Employees with poor sleep exhibited reduced attention span, impaired memory recall, and slower problem-solving abilities. Sector-wise differences were observed, with IT and finance professionals reporting the highest levels of sleep-related issues. Key findings indicated that 58% of participants reported poor sleep quality. Regression analysis revealed that perceived stress significantly predicted sleep quality (β = -.45, p < .01), explaining 32% of the variance The study concludes that sleep deprivation is a silent epidemic within the Indian corporate sector, with serious implications for cognitive health and productivity. It underscores the urgent need for workplace interventions, including sleep hygiene education, flexible work policies, and corporate wellness programs aimed at promoting better sleep practices.
Eating disorders in Chennai don’t always get the attention they deserve – this dissertation dives right in to explore just how common these issues are and uncovers the various factors that keep them hidden behind underreporting and cultural bias. It uses a mix of hard numbers and personal accounts—data that, in many cases, shows some groups are hit much harder—while also drawing on interviews and surveys to capture real-life experiences and local views that continually feed into the stigma. The work makes it clear that healthcare in this setting needs a more sensitive, tailor-made approach; local professionals, navigating a maze of cultural norms, must rethink their strategies if they’re to truly support those affected. At times, the findings gently push us to reexamine public health policies and education efforts—not just to reduce silence, but to break through the stigma and offer better care. Ultimately, this research adds an important piece to our overall picture of mental health in urban India, laying down a foundation for future studies and interventions that put the well-being of real people first.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF COCONUT-BASED MEDICATED HAIR OIL
The research developed and analyzed a coconut-based hair oil containing medicinal herbs including Amla, Ginger, Lemon, Hibiscus flowers, Fenugreek seeds, Black cumin seeds, and Curry leaves. A heating process with gentle temperature control allowed the coconut oil and herbal mixture to blend their active compounds before the mixture cooled down and underwent straining and storage. The hair oil displayed organoleptic characteristics of a pale golden-yellow color and pleasant herbal scent and a smooth texture. The oil demonstrated suitable physical properties because its viscosity measured 25 cP while its pH level reached 5.2 and specific gravity reached 0.92. The chemical analysis revealed an acid value of 2.4 mg KOH/g which demonstrates low free fatty acid content that helps maintain oil stability. The sensitivity tests demonstrated that the oil contained no irritants while the irritancy tests showed it was safe to apply on human skin. The long-term stability of the oil was confirmed through a three-month study because its appearance remained consistent while its odor and texture also stayed unchanged. The statistical analysis validated the results because all essential properties remained within their defined ranges. Research results demonstrate that coconut-based medicated hair oil presents itself as a beneficial natural solution to support hair and scalp wellness.
DIFFERENT MODE OF MEDICINAL APPLICATION IN HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
Here, the most basic thing of Homoeopathic system of medicine is Tincture and it is privilege to discuss about tincture and their uses in Homoeopathy. In Homeopathy, mother tinctures are used as the foundational material for preparing Homeopathic remedies.
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES: A CASE STUDY IN URBAN AREAS
Even though urban air pollution is still a major public health concern, highly populated cities like Delhi, India, are among the most affected. This has led to association of increased respiratory disease prevalence with the exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃, including asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and bronchitis. The study was to analyze the trend of air pollution and its correlation with respiratory disease hospitalizations in Delhi from 2019 to 2024. The design used was a retrospective observational case study. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) had provided air quality data, and AIIMS, LNJP and Safdarjung Hospital had provided hospital records on respiratory disease prevalence. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded World Health Organisation (WHO) safety limits, and the highest levels were recorded in 2023 and 2024. Five years hospital admissions increased by 31 percent and there was a strong correlation between PM2.5 and respiratory diseases (r = 0.88, p < 0.01), however, pollution and hospitalization rates were at their peak in winter months. The study showed a strong tie between respiratory diseases and air pollution, to which PM2.5 and NO₂ were those with the strongest association. Fingers are pointed here at the urgent need for stricter pollution control policies and public health interventions to reduce Delhi from being a place with high respiratory health risks.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL IMAGING: ENHANCING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY
The healthcare industry underwent revolutionary changes because medical imaging systems enable early disease identification combined with precise diagnoses while planning successful treatments. The development of MRI, CT scanning, and ultrasound technologies boosted diagnostic accuracy throughout multiple years. The assessment process that uses traditional imaging methods depends on human readers, who may produce inconsistent results. This research evaluates how contemporary imaging systems improve medical diagnosis for cancer patients and cardiovascular and neurological disease patients. The research demonstrates better testing precision through improved sensitivity and specificity measures decreased occurrences of wrong positive and negative readings and enhanced operational workflow processes. The implementation of modern imaging technologies provides advantages but encounters essential obstacles which consist of privacy concerns as well as regulatory obligations and expensive implementation requirements. Researchers are currently working on healthcare imaging technique optimization and transparency enhancement while trying to establish wider healthcare access through future medical advancements. Research along with policy reforms need to tackle existing challenges because they will ensure medical imaging reaches its full potential to increase patient care quality and clinical success rates.
Copyright (c) 2025 EPH - International Journal of Medical and Health Science
MENSTRUAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE PRACTICES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COLLEGE-GOING GIRLS OF OKHAL-KANDA BLOCK OF DISTRICT NAINITAL
The awareness and hygiene behaviours of educated girls around menstruation still need to be addressed in India, although it is a significant part of girls' lives.This study evaluated collegeadolescents' knowledge and practices about menstruation hygiene. Menstrual hygiene is crucial for women and girls, but many are unaware of its processes due to social taboos. The study found that most participants were aware of disease prevention but ignorant of pre-exposure prophylaxis and anti-rabies immunoglobulin. Adolescent females also had a low understanding of menstruation, leading to delayed menstruation and delayed age estimation. Adolescent health should be addressed holistically, considering social, mental, physical, and emotional aspects. Encouraging active participation from society, including parents and teachers, is essential for healthy teenagers' development. The National Rural Health Mission in India was launched in 2005 and started to provide affordable and quality health services for rural people. A trained female community health worker, Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), is responsible for every block and links the area to the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM).ASHA workers play a crucial role in providing information about hygiene during menstruation, providing first aid, advising on availing available services, making arrangements, referring complex cases, helping reach healthcare centres, preparing block health plans, etc.
Copyright (c) 2024 EPH - International Journal of Medical and Health Science
AIM: ADDRESSING MENSTRUATION RELATED CHALLENGES FACED BY SCHOOL-GOING GIRLS
This project, titled “Addressing Menstruation related Challenges Faced by School-going Girls," focuses on the critical issue of menstrual health management (MHM) among adolescent girls and its impact on their education, well-being, and social participation. Menstruation, a natural biological process, remains surrounded by stigma, myths, and a lack of adequate resources, particularly in low- resource settings. These challenges often lead to significant barriers for school-going girls, including absenteeism, reduced academic performance, and diminished self-esteem.
INTRICATE INTERPLAY OF BACTERIA, VIRUS & OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM.
Over the past few years, the utilization of metagenomic sequencing techniques and analogous methodologies has significantly advanced our comprehension of the human virome's diversity and its implications for human health. The human organism is inhabited by a plethora of microbial communities, known collectively as the microbiome. Of comparable significance, yet seldom acknowledged, is the presence of a vast array of viruses, which are collectively termed the 'virome'. Viruses are widely regarded as the most prolific and diverse biological entities on Earth, with an estimation of 10^31 particles. The human virome harbours this vastness and intricacy, comprising approximately 10^13 particles per individual, exhibiting substantial variability among different body locations. This burgeoning field has elucidated the complex interplay between the virome and disease etiology, as well as the pivotal processes governing its establishment during early human life. It is now well established that the state of the viral community can correlate with deleterious consequences for the host, whereas certain states are indicative of a healthy individual. This Review aims to synthesize the current scientific discourse surrounding the human virome, focusing on the recent advancements in research that delve into the nuanced dynamics of virome assembly, its intricate composition, and the multifaceted interactions that unfold between the host and its viral counterpart. These studies not only shed light on the mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of the human virome but also underscore the critical role that the virome may play in both the preservation and disruption of host homeostasis.
AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED ANGANWADI CENTERS AT GWALIOR
This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental health status of children between the ages of 2 to 6 years coming to Anganwadi centers in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh with particular reference to sanitation, water, and waste. A cross-sectional observational design was used, and 150 children and their corresponding Anganwadi centers were selected by the use of stratified random sampling. The investigators used self-developed structured questionnaires to obtain data from the caregiver and Anganwadi worker respondents, and checklists for the physical assessment of the environmental conditions of the centers. The correlations between environmental factors and child health outcomes were tested by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that there were huge differences between the rural and urban areas with the urban areas having relatively better sanitation facilities, water quality, and waste disposal systems. Large-scale statistical analysis revealed that there is a significant association between environmental quality and childhood diseases with sanitation having the strongest relationship (r = 0.72), followed by water (r = 0.65) and waste disposal (r = 0.58). These findings underscore the need for enhancing the physical environment of Anganwadi centers, especially in rural settings to enhance the health of children. The findings of the study point to the direction that it is imperative to tailor the intervention to improve sanitation, water, and waste disposal in the Anganwadi centers. More future studies should be conducted on long-term outcomes of environmental changes on child health taking into consideration other determinants of child development such as nutrition and immunization.
HYPOTHYROIDISM AND HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of thyroid hormones. Conventional treatment involves synthetic thyroid hormone replacement, which may have side effects and limitations. Homoeopathy, a holistic system of medicine, offers a promising alternative for managing hypothyroidism. This review aims to explore the homoeopathic management of hypothyroidism, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and homoeopathic treatment approaches.
ADHERING TO NEW NORMAL BEHAVIOUR AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL ACTION-A STUDY IN THE BACKDROP OF COVID-19 IN SOUTH ASSAM.
The term new normal first appeared in 2008 to refer the financial crisis to the dramatic economic, cultural and social change that caused precariousness and social unrest impacting collective perception and individual lifestyle. This term has been used again during the COVID-19 pandemic. It directs people to carry out certain action like use of masks, sanitizer avoidance of crowded places etc. that are new to the people in Indian Society. However, Sociological theories of action particularly those who are dealing with micro- Sociology explicates that people’s action is not ordered always. Adapting new normal is a concern throughout the globe. In societies of west, people are not ready to avoid crowd, public vehicle, religious congression as well as maintaining physical distance. Attitudinal ideology of people in India is not individualism rather collectivity. There is a strong bondage of community as well as neighbour-hood feeling. People are accustomed to conglomerate in religious as well as socio-cultural festivals. Systematic queue is hardly seen in bus stand, shop or marketplace. Moreover, there is established inequitable hierarchy in terms of caste, class, education, occupation and locality in India. Unequal hierarchical composition in Indian society contributes in unequal attitude, practices, habits and beliefs regarding all aspects of cultural milieu including health and health seeking behavior. In a country like India people in general and rural as well as semi urban-setting in particular do not get ready to accept new things. They have fear to lose their own culture. Assam is not exceptional in this regard. Being agrarian society Assam is dominated by rural setting following rural culture. The Study areas geographically located in Southern part of Assam bordering Bangladesh is predominated by rural culture and outlook even after three decades of globalization. Hence the present study intends to seek to investigate: the way people are adopting with new-normal life. It seeks to know social arrangement in the attitude of people.
COVID 19 VACCINES: A WAR AGAINST DEADLIEST VIRUS
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Many people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads most commonly through the air in tiny droplets of fluid between people in close contact. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction.
IMPORTANCE OF EXCITOTOXICITY IN STRESS: A MINI REVIEW
Excitotoxicity refers to the process where nerve cells are damaged or killed due to excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate. This overactivation of receptors, such as NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, causes an influx of calcium ions into the neurons, leading to cell damage or death. It is a key factor in various neurodegenerative diseases and acute neurological conditions like stroke and traumatic brain injury. Many researchers suggested that chronic stress can exacerbate excitotoxicity by increasing the release of glutamate in the brain. There are numerous factors play extremely important roles in many endorsing the excitotoxicity are increased glutamate levels, vulnerability of the neurones and neuro-degeneration in the diseases like Parkinsons. Several protective measures are obtained by the review of many researches. Effective stress management, including mindfulness, exercise, and therapy, can help regulate glutamate levels and reduce the risk of excitotoxicity.Enhancing antioxidant defences through diet or supplementation may protect neurons from the oxidative stress induced by excitotoxicity.Drugs that block NMDA receptors or regulate glutamate activity are being explored as treatments for conditions associated with excitotoxicity.